Corporate Funding

Information About Breast, Endometrium and Ovarian Cancers

There are hundreds, if not thousands, of papers in peer-reviewed medical journals dating back to the mid 1980s relating to the causes and prevention of breast, cervical, ovarian, endometrial and corpus uterine cancers. Unfortunately, this information is generally not read by medical practitioners, specialists or health support organisations.

As Professor Michael Brown, one of the leading medical researchers of the 20th century, stated in a speech to students at an Academy of Achievement event in 2006:

The problem has switched from one of science to one of social policy and human behaviour – and it turns out that it is a lot easier to do the science than it is to change people’s behaviour. 1

Whilst Professor Brown, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985, was referring to heart disease, the same applies to other “diseases of affluence”“.

Sex Hormones and Cancer

Estrogen directly participates in the cancer process. 2

There are many papers linking sex hormones to breast, endometrium and ovarian cancers as well as prostate cancer. Below is a very small selection.

In the 1980s, the lifetime exposure to estogen was “at least 2.5–3.0 times higher among Western women when compared with rural Chinese women”. 3
Despite the increase in western diets in China over the past decades, in 2017 China is still ranked 179 out of 183 countries for breast cancer. For ovarian cancer, it is ranked 175 and prostate cancer. Both the breast and ovarian cancer mortality rates for Australia and US are 3 times the mortality rate for China. 4
The concept that hormones can cause, i.e., increase the incidence of human cancer, is most developed for the four hormone-related cancers which are numerically the most important, namely, breast, prostate, endometrium, and ovary. 5
Estrogens along with progesterone/progestins, and other hormones, are important determinants of cancer in the breast, endometrium and ovary. Estrogens may increase the risk of breast cancer. […] Estrogens cause endometrial cancer. […] The role of sex hormones seems important for ovarian carcinogenesis. 6

The Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group is an international research consortium established in 1999 that conducts large-scale pooled analyses on natural body hormones, such as oestrogens, androgens, and growth factors to determine their relationship with breast cancer risk.

Their conclusion in 2002 is:

Levels of endogenous sex hormones are strongly associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. […] Higher blood concentrations of oestradiol and other sex hormones double or triple breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. 7

Two decades later researchers are writing the same information with no impact on the change of behaviour.

Estrogens are known to play essential roles in the initiation and progression of multiple tumor types, especially tumors of hormonally regulated tissues such as the breast, endometrium and ovary. 8

Multiple references from peer-reviewed journal articles are provided. These date back to 1982 – but the situation is getting worse instead of better. 9 ~ 10 ~ 11 ~ 12 ~ 13 ~ 14 ~ 15 ~ 16 ~ 17 ~ 18

The good news is that the cause is already known – as is the cure.

Katherine Lawrence story of her recovery from endometriosis in less than 2 months by consuming ONLY a healthy, whole-food, plant-based diet with no added oils or salt (really important). Check out the green VIDEOS button that is on the right panel on every page of my 150 page website.

This did NOT require the purchase of supplementary products.

Similarly, the cause of PMDD is also known. The first paper listed is dated 1989 so it is not that this information is NOT known – but nothing has been done to address the fundamental cause. That is, the high level of estrogens and how this can be alleviated by the changing the food that is consumed. 19 ~ 20 ~ 21

These studies, the first from 1990, show a significant statistical and medical difference in serum estradiol in as little as 2-3 weeks. 22 ~ 23 ~ 24 ~ 25

Why is there not more interest?
For more than six years [since 2020] I have taken material to the Newcastle Herald, The Australian newspaper, Sydney Morning Herald, NSW and South Australia Health departments but no interest has been shown.

The Australian Medical Association, the Medical Journal of Australia and Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency [AHPRA] have indicated that it is not within their scope to bring this information to the attention of medical doctors or the Australian public.

I have presented this material to Asutralian federal and state members of parliament, Jenny Aitchison, Meryl Swanson, Tanya Plibersek and Dan Repacholi (Austrlaian Federal member of Hunter and Special Envoy for Men’s Health -13 May 2025) but no action has resulted.

The Australian Medical Association, the Medical Journal of Australia and Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency [AHPRA] have indicated that it is not within their scope to bring this information to the attention of medical doctors or the Australian public.

The CEO of the Ovarian Cancer Australia dismissed my comprehensive and validated documentation with the comment that “Our information regarding ovarian cancer risks and symptoms is based on guidance from Cancer Australia and reflects the current evidence base available throughour national cancer authority” 26

Cancer Cancer Australia offers the following ineffectual advice which will do nothing to prevent or reverse the progression of cancers: 27

Improving your diet can be as simple as trying to eat more vegetables, fruit and legumes cereals (preferably wholegrain) – bread, rice, pasta and noodles contain fibre, and a diet high in fibre can reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer.

While at the same time you can try to eat less red meat and processed meat.

It is estimated that in Australia 11%-16% of women in the relevant target population are afflicted by endometriosis.

WHO states the endometriosis is incurable and the cause is unknown. Using references from peer-reviewed medical journals and case studies, I can show that this is not true. It is caused by an over-abundance of oestrogen, in particular estradiol which is the result of a high-fat, high-protein diet as advocated by low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diet advocates such as Dr James Muecke, the 2020 Australian of the Year.

Why then did Katherine Lawerence and hundreds of other women that she has counselled through her work at PETA achieve their results of a complete reversal of their condidition?

I have written to the ABC on several occasions, with references to peer-reviewed articles. Despite the fact that all complaints to the ABC must be responded to, I have not received one response. It could be a life-changing event for 100000s of men and women if the ABC followed one or two of these women over a period of 2 months following the introduction of a healthy whole-food, plant-based diet.

Ketogenic and low-carbohydrate diet advocates such as Dr. James Muecke, Gary Taubes and Nina Teicholz have a much greater impact on diet in our community than whole-food, plant-based advocates. Their book sales are higher, website visits are much more frequent.

Over the past several decades, our health indicators have become progressively worse. The prevalence of many cancers have continued to rise. The mortality rate for all cases of cancer has risen for females. It has decreased for males because of the reduction in lung cancer. 28

Breast cancer, a sex-hormone related cancer with a high prevalence rate, continues to rise.

Pancreatic cancer, has a lower prevalence rate but has a high mortality rate, continues to rise unabated.

Whilst a substantial reduction in cervical cancer occurred between 1992-2002, there has been NO reduction in the following two decades.

Despite all the donor dollars and research, 29

During 2011–2015, an average of 714 new cases of cancer were diagnosed annually among children aged 0–14—a rate of 16 per 100,000 children.

The most common cancer groups were leukaemia, cancer of the central nervous system (including the brain) and lymphoma.

The rates for 2011–2015 for children aged 0–14 (16.3 per 100,000) were slightly higher than for 2006–2010 (15.1 per 100,000).

While rates increased for all age groups, the largest increase was for children aged 5–9 (10.3 cases per 100,000 in 2006–2010 to 12.3 cases per 100,000 in 2011–2015).

That is, cancer rates for children aged 5-9, increased 19% for the five year period from the 2006-2010 to 2011-2015.

The good news is that for the same period, for children aged 0-14, cancer rates only increased 8%.

Why are the corporate donors for Cancer Council Australia not available for public scrutiny?

Why is all the education and research adminisistred by Cancer Council Australia not having the desired imact?

Corporate Funding

Jamie Brownlee of Carleton University, Ottaay, Toronto, Canada authored a 30 page paper in 2015 paper, The Corporate Corruption of Academic Research. 30

In Canada, and elsewhere, universities are becoming increasingly corporatized. This paper explores one aspect of the corporatization process: how university research has been transformed. I provide a detailed analysis of how corporate influence has corrupted academic research, from the selection of research topics, to research secrecy, through to how conflicts of interest and research bias influence the collection and release of information.

As part of my analysis, I include an in-depth case study of biomedical research and academic medicine to show how the corporatization of higher education has led to systematic research bias and compromised the values that have historically defined scientific research. For universities and the medical profession, corporatization has produced a crisis of credibility in the published literature and tarnished the academy as a source of disinterested knowledge.

For the public, the consequences run much deeper. I conclude by locating the corruption of academic research in the fundamental antagonism between corporate and academic institutions.

Diet and Sex Hormones

Given that sex hormones are implicated in a number of cancers, how do we reduce the amount of sex hormones? Caldwell Esselstyn writes that in Japan in 1958 there were 18 deaths from prostate cancer and 137 in the year 1978. As their diet becomes more western, then their incidence of prostate cancer rises.

One simple way is to stop consuming meat, milk and cheese. A 2005 paper examined the link between breast, ovarian and corpus uteri cancers and diet. Food intake was obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization for the years 1961-1997 for 40 countries. Cancer statistics were obtained from national registries for the years 1993-1997. It found significant and substantial correlations. 31

  • Meat was most closely correlated with the breast cancer incidence  (r=0.827), followed by milk (r=0.817) and cheese (r=.0.751)
  • Milk was most closely correlated with the incidence of ovarian cancer (r=0.779), followed by animal fats (r=0.717) and cheese (r=0.697).
  • Milk was most closely correlated with corpus uteri cancer (r = 0.814), followed by cheese (0.787).

r is the correlation coefficient which is a number between -1 and 1. A correlation coefficient of 0.7 or greater is often considered a strong correlation.

A 2001 paper, discusses a method of reducing sex hormones through a comprehensive change in diet. The study period was 4.5 months. 32

The suggested intervention diet was based on Mediterranean vegetarian and macrobiotic recipes. The dietary recommendations were:

  • meat, eggs, and dairy products should not be eaten more than once a week
  • consumption of refined carbohydrates (sucrose, white bread, refined flour), be substituted for whole-grain cereal products
  • using fruit or fermented cereal
  • at least one portion of a soy product (soy milk, miso soup, tofu, tempeh, or soy beans) every day
  • 1-kg loaf of bread made from whole wheat flour and 8% flax seed (half whole seeds and half milled), occasionally mixed with oats or rye which was provided
  • a free pack of other recommended products that are not a normal part of the northern Italian diet was provided
  • consumption of soy products, other legumes, whole-grain cereals, flax and other seeds, seaweed, berries, cabbage family vegetables, and other vegetables

The control group were advised to increase their consumption of fruit and vegetables.

It is much more informative to compare the changes of the participants over the study period instead of comparing them to the control group.

CriteriaUnitsMean at StartMean at EndChange% Change
Weightkg67.1763.08-4.11-0.06
BMIkg/(m•m)26.8825.26-1.62-0.06
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG)mmol/L36.0345.109.0725.2
Testoseronepmol/L1.421.14-0.28-19.5
Estrodiolnmol/L31.6425.95-5.69-18.0

A 1990 paper stated, 33

A 17% reduction in plasma estradiol may explain a noteworthy component of the international variation in breast cancer incidence.

The 17% reduction in estrodiol is a significant reduction as is the reduction in weight and testosterone. Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was increased 25%. SHBG inhibits the function of sex hormones so the bio-availability of these hormones is influenced by SHBG. All of these changes occurred over a period of 4.5 months.

A whole-food, plant-based diet shows even a greater impact.

The control group also improved their results to a lesser extent.

A short-term study of 17-27 days examined the effects of a low-fat (less than 10%), high-fibre (35-45g per day) diet on estradiol levels. 34

The average fat consumption of the US diet is 33% and the average fibre consumption is 10g per day. The recommendation is 25-30g per day. 35

Serum estradiol fell from an average 66.4 pmol/L to 34.5 pmol/L – a reduction of 48% in a period of 3-4 weeks.

Milk and Breast Cancer

A study that included 52,795 adult women over the course of seven years showed a significant increase in breast cancer risk from drinking 8 ounces (1 250ml cup) of cow’s milk. Participants were from the Adventist Health Study-2. Adventists follow a vegetarian diet and tend to consume significantly more soy than the average American. At the conclusion of the study, 1,057 participants had developed breast cancer. 36

Women who drank 8 ounces of cow’s milk per day increased their risk of breast cancer by 50 percent and those who consumed two to three glasses of cow’s milk increased their risk by up to 80 percent compared to the women who did not drink any dairy milk.

Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) and Cancers

Insulin-like growth  factor (IGF-1) plays a role in cell division (cell proliferation) and inhibits cell death. This applies to tumors as well as normal cells. As a result, IGF-1 is significantly implicated in the development of cancers. 37

The EPIC study (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) has more than 500,000 participants from 10 European countries. It commenced in 1993.

One research finding showed that for each standard deviation increase in total protein, dairy protein and calcium intake was associated with an increase in IGF-1 concentration of 2.5%, 2.4%, and 3.3%. The standard deviation is a measure of the variability of the data. A small standard deviation means that the data values are clustered around the mean whilst a large standard deviation means the data values are more widely dispersed. 38

A 2002 paper compared IGF-1 concentrations in three populations of women: non-vegetarians, lacto-ovo-vegetarian (includes milk and eggs,) and vegans. Data was obtained from participants in the Oxford component of the EPIC study. 39

Vegans had a 13% lower IGF-1 concentrations than both the non-vegetarians and the lacto-ovo-vegetarian. Giving up meat, fish, eggs and dairy did not make an impact on the IGF-1 values.

A 2006 study over a 2 week period women where placed on a low-fat (10-15% of energy), high-fbre diet and attended daily exercise classes for 2 weeks. Alcohol, cigarettes or caffeine were not permitted. Serum estradiol was reduced 37% and IGF-1 was reduced 19% – in just 2 weeks. The paper stated that other studies have shown alcohol intake of approximately one drink per day was associated with an increase in breast cancer risk. 40

Tamoxifen is an estrogen antagonist (or anti-estrogen) drug. Some side effects include “excesses of endometrial cancer, pulmonary embolism, stroke, deep vein thrombosis, and cataracts“. 41

Another paper showed an 3.4 times increase in the risk of endometrial cancer and venous thromboembolic events were increased in all tamoxifen studies with a relative risk of 1.9. 42

Yes – tamoxifen was associated with a 3.4 times increase in endometrial cancer rates and nearly a two times increase in thromboembolic events.

In comparison, one diet described above reduced serum estradiol by 48% over a period of 3-4 weeks. Another study showed a reduction in serum estradiol of 37% in 2 weeks. The only side effects are the reduction of many other “diseases of affluence“.

If diet is a deeply implicated in the cancer process as the above evidence suggests, then it makes no sense to hope that research, obtained through massive amounts of funding, will find an answer that is more attuned to society’s dietary preferences – and will not make any impact on corporate profits.

Breast Cancer Statistics

Breast cancer was the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia in 2021. It is estimated that it will remain the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in 2025. 43

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer followed by breast cancer, melanoma, colorectal (bowel), and lung cancer.

In 2025, it is estimated that the risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer by the age of 85 is 1 in 833 (or 0.1%) for males and 1 in 8 (or 12%) for females.

In 2017–2021, individuals diagnosed with breast cancer had a 93% chance (87% for males and 93% for females) of surviving for five years compared to their counterparts in the general Australian population. Between 1987–1991 and 2017–2021, five-year relative survival for breast cancer improved from 75% to 93%.

As shown below, this is misleading, as a result of “lead time bias“.

In 2021, there were 26469 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed in Australia. In 2025, it is estimated that a male has a 1 in 5 (or 19%) risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer by the age of 85.

Peter Gøtzsche is a Danish physician and medical researcher. He is a former leader of the Nordic Cochrane Center in Copenhagen, Denmark. He is a co-founder of the Cochrane Collaboration.

Peter C. Gøtzsche, a Danish physician and former director of the Nordic Cochrane Centre, is a prominent critic of mass mammography screening and PSA testing arguing that it causes significant harm through overdiagnosis and does not significantly reduce breast or prostated cancer mortality. His research, along with colleagues like Karsten Juhl Jørgensen, contends that the benefits of screening have been overstated and that the harms—such as unnecessary treatment for cancers that would never have caused symptoms—outweigh the benefits.

Perceived Survival Time for Brease and Prostate Cancer

Mammaograms and PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) tests detect the presence of cancer some 10-15 years after cancer first appears. The goal MUST be to prevent cancer from happening in the first place.

He wrote a book Mammogrqphy Screening: Truth, Lies and Controversy. 44 ~ 45 ~ 46

Gøtzsche recommends that,

[Cancer] screenings should be stopped.

The apparent increase in breast cancer and prostate cancer survival times comes not from better treatment or earlier detection. You die the same day. You lived longer knowing that you are sick. This is a result of “lead time bias“.

Walter Willet, the famed Harvard epidemiologist and former director of the Nurses’ Study stated in a New York Times interview:

If you step back and look at the data, the optimum amount of red meat you eat should be zero. 47

Eric Rimm, another researcher from the Harvard School of Public Health, stated:

But avoiding it [trans-fats] if at all possible is ideal. We can’t tell people to stop eating all meat and all dairy products. Well, we could tell people to become vegetarians. If we were truly basing this only on science, we would, but it is a bit extreme. 48
Given what we do know about cancer and diet, why is Breast Cancer Australia promoting a recipe book, Cook 4 A Cure, that contains recipes consisting of ham, bacon, beef and lamb when the World Health Organization has stated that processed meat, including ham and bacon, is a class 1 carcinogen and red meat is a class 2A carcinogen 49.

The recipes also includes Pulled Pork Burgers and Lamb Samosas for the BBQ. In addition to the problems with consuming processed meat, high-temperature cooking introduces additional dangers. Even the smoke from BBQs or living nearby a restaurant can cause health problems. If you are pregnant, it is advisable to stay clear of BBQ smoke. Airborne products from frying hamburgers, bacon and soybean burgers were tested for mutagenicity (the ability to change DNA).

The fumes generated by frying pork and beef were mutagenic but the soy burgers were not. Well-cooked bacon was 8 times more mutagenic than hamburgers and 350 times more mutagenic than the soy burgers 50.

Additional Reading

Wise Nutrition Coaching
Introduction
About Richard Harding
Professor Truswell – Biography
Dan Repacholi
Breast, Endometrium and Ovarian Cancers
Antimicrobial Resistance, Antibiotics and Endometriosis

Last updated on Monday 24 August 2026 at 07:41 by administrators

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Footnotes

  1. Brown, M. S. (2006) Academy of Achievement – Michael Brown.
  2. Campbell, T. C. & Campbell, T. M. (2016) The China Study. Revised and Expanded Edition. Dallas, Texas: BenBella Books.
  3. Campbell, T. C. & Campbell, T. M. (2016) The China Study. Revised and Expanded Edition. Dallas, Texas: BenBella Books.
  4. World Life Expectancy (n.d.) World Life Expectancy – Statistics [online]. Available from: http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/
  5. Henderson, B. E. et al. (1982) Endogenous Hormones as a Major Factor in Human Cancer. Hormones and Cancer. 42 (8), 3232-3236.
  6. Persson, I. (2000) Estrogens in the causation of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers — evidence and hypotheses from epidemiological findings. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 74 (5), 357–364.
  7. The Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2002) Endogenous Sex Hormones and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: Reanalysis of Nine Prospective Studies. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 94 (8), 606–616.
  8. Das, P. K. et al. (2023) Implications of estrogen and its receptors in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Medicine 12 (1) p.4367–4379.
  9. Campbell, T. C. & Campbell, T. M. (2016) The China Study. Revised and Expanded Edition. Dallas, Texas: BenBella Books.
  10. Henderson, B. E. et al. (1982) Endogenous Hormones as a Major Factor in Human Cancer. Hormones and Cancer. 42 (8), 3232-3236.
  11. Persson, I. (2000) Estrogens in the causation of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers — evidence and hypotheses from epidemiological findings. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 74 (5), 357–364.
  12. The Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2002) Endogenous Sex Hormones and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: Reanalysis of Nine Prospective Studies. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 94 (8), 606–616.
  13. Ganmaa, D. & Sato, A. (2005) The possible role of female sex hormones in milk from pregnant cows in the development of breast, ovarian and corpus uteri cancers. Medical Hypotheses. 65 (6), 1028–1037.
  14. Berrino, F. et al. (2001) Reducing Bioavailable Sex Hormones through a Comprehensive Change in Diet: the Diet and Androgens (DIANA) Randomized Trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 10 (1), 10.
  15. Bulun, S. E., Gurates, B., Fang, Z., Tamura, M., Sebastian, S., Zhou, J., Amin, S., & Yang, S. (2002). Mechanisms of excessive estrogen formation in endometriosis. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 55(1–2), 21–33.
  16. Gurates, B., & Bulun, S. E. (2003). Seminars in reproductive medicine: Endometriosis: The ultimate hormonal disease. 21(02), 125–134.
  17. Bulun, S. E., Yilmaz, B. D., Sison, C., Miyazaki, K., Bernardi, L., Liu, S., Kohlmeier, A., Yin, P., Milad, M., & Wei, J. (2019). Endometriosis. Endocrine Reviews, 40(4), 1048–1079.
  18. Das, P. K. et al. (2023) Implications of estrogen and its receptors in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Medicine 12 (1) p.4367–4379.
  19. Hammarback, S. et al. (1989) Relationship Between Symptom Severity and Hormone Changes in Women With Premenstrual Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. [Online] 68 (1), 125–130.
  20. Thys-Jacobs, S. et al. (2008) Differences in Free Estradiol and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin in Women with and without Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. [Online] 93 (1), 96–102.
  21. Yen, J.-Y. et al. (2019) Early-and late-luteal-phase estrogen and progesterone levels of women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (22), 4352.
  22. Prentice, R. et al. (1990) Dietary fat reduction and plasma estradiol concentration in healthy postmenopausal women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 82 (2), 129–134.
  23. Heber, D. et al. (1991) Reduction of serum estradiol in postmenopausal women given free access to low-fat high-carbohydrate diet. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 7 (2), 137–139.
  24. Bagga, D. et al. (1995) Effects of a very low fat, high fiber diet on serum hormones and menstrual function implications for breast cancer prevention. Cancer. 76 (12), 2491–2496.
  25. Berrino, F. et al. (2001) Reducing Bioavailable Sex Hormones through a Comprehensive Change in Diet: the Diet and Androgens (DIANA) Randomized Trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 10 (1), 10.
  26. Email: Sheil, D. (2026) Ovarian Cancer Australia – 15 July 2026 at 1035.
  27. Cancer Council Australia (n.d.) Food and nutrition [online]. Available from: https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/causes-and-prevention/diet-and-exercise/food-and-nutrition.
  28. Anon (n.d.) Cancer data in Australia, Data – Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [online]. (Accessed 22 May 2021).
  29. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2022) Australia’s children [online]. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/australias-children/contents/health/cancer-incidence-survival.
  30. Brownlee, J. (2015) The Corporate Corruption of Academic Research. Alternate routes: A Journal of Critical Social Research. 26 (1), 1–30.
  31. Ganmaa, D. & Sato, A. (2005) The possible role of female sex hormones in milk from pregnant cows in the development of breast, ovarian and corpus uteri cancers. Medical Hypotheses. 65 (6), 1028–1037.
  32. Berrino, F. et al. (2001) Reducing Bioavailable Sex Hormones through a Comprehensive Change in Diet: the Diet and Androgens (DIANA) Randomized Trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 10 (1), 10.
  33. Prentice, R. et al. (1990) Dietary fat reduction and plasma estradiol concentration in healthy postmenopausal women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 82 (2), 129–134.
  34. Heber, D. et al. (1991) Reduction of serum estradiol in postmenopausal women given free access to low-fat high-carbohydrate diet. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 7 (2), 137–139.
  35. U.S. Department of Agriculture (2014) What We Eat in America, NHANES 2011-2012 Tables 41-46.
  36. Fraser, G. E. et al. (2020) Dairy, soy, and risk of breast cancer: those confounded milks. International Journal of Epidemiology. 49 (5), 1526–1537.
  37. Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2010) Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and breast cancer risk: pooled individual data analysis of 17 prospective studies. The Lancet Oncology. 11 (6), 530–542.
  38. Crowe, F. L. et al. (2009) The Association between Diet and Serum Concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 18 (5), 1333–1340.
  39. Allen, N. E. et al. (2002) The Associations of Diet with Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Its Main Binding Proteins in 292 Women Meat-Eaters, Vegetarians, and Vegans. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 11 (11), 1441–1448.
  40. Barnard, R. J. et al. (2006) Effects of a Low-Fat, High-Fiber Diet and Exercise Program on Breast Cancer Risk Factors In Vivo and Tumor CelI Growth and Apoptosis In Vitro. Nutrition and Cancer. 55 (1), 28–34.
  41. Freedman, A. N. et al. (2003) Estimates of the Number of U.S. Women Who Could Benefit From Tamoxifen for Breast Cancer Chemoprevention. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 95 (7), 526–532.
  42. Cuzick, J. et al. (2003) Overview of the main outcomes in breast-cancer prevention trials. The Lancet. 361 (9354), 296–300.
  43. Cancer Australia (2026) Breast cancer in Australia statistics. Available from: https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-australia-statistics.
  44. Gotzsche, P. (2012). Mammography Screening: Truth, Lies and Controversy. Routledge.
  45. Mcstrother. (2011). A diagram explaining lead time bias for cancer diagnosis [Graphic]. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lead_time_bias.svg
  46. McDougall, J., & Gotzsche, P. (Hosts). (2012, May). Peter Gotzsche, MD: Director of The Nordic Cochrane Centre: Part 1 [Broadcast] https://www.drmcdougall.com/education/lectures/peter-gotzsche-01/#arve-youtube-pacac9p_gsq
  47. Kolata, G. (1990) Animal Fat is Tied to Colon Cancer – New York Times [online]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/13/us/animal-fat-is-tied-to-colon-cancer.html (Accessed 28 January 2017).
  48. Fox, M. (2002) Trans-fat increase cholesterol levels [online]. Available from: http://jawawa.id/index.php/newsitem/trans-fat-increase-cholesterol-levels-1447893297 (Accessed 29 March 2017).
  49. Bouvard, V. et al. (2015) Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group (WHO) (ed.). The Lancet Oncology. 16 (16), 1599–1600
  50. Thiebaud, H. et al. (1995) Airborne mutagens produced by frying beef, pork and a soy-based food. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 33 (10), 821–828.

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